Taoism Essay Topics

Taoism Essay TopicsYou can find many Taoism essay topics. These are essays that focus on any topic you want to write about. Topics for essays can range from difficult questions or poems, to the history of a nation, to any other topic that you would like to write about. These topics are listed below.Many Taoism essay topics include the biography of a person. The person can be a member of a religion, or just a man or woman. This will allow you to research the individual by checking their biography. Once you have researched the person, it will be easier to understand your essay topic and how you will write your essay.Another great place to look for essays is to look for poetry. Poetry has been around for thousands of years and has been used in many different forms. Whether you are writing a poetry essay or just looking for someone's poem, poetry is a very interesting topic.It is also possible to write about the art of Taoism. By writing about the art, you will gain an understanding of t he system of life that is Taoism. You will learn about how this system works. This will also give you insight into what you will be discussing in your essay.Religion and spirituality are another great subject for Taoism essay topics. If you are looking for the main religion in a country, you will be able to look up that religion. You can also look up the religions that exist throughout the world.You will be able to find religious leaders that focus on spirituality in many nations. You will be able to find the exact role that they play in their nation. You will be able to know how a person feels about his or her spiritual state.Other topics you can use are anything else you may be interested in. You can write about how every culture has to balance its work with its family life. You can talk about how a country lives in harmony with nature. You can even write about the relationship between an artist and a medium.One of the best parts about writing about Taoism is that it is one of the oldest religions in the world. Many countries have a variation of Taoism. There are a lot of people that follow this religion. If you are not familiar with this religion, you will be able to learn more about it through writing about it.

Harlem Summer By Walter Dean Myers - 1627 Words

Harlem Summer is a novel written by Walter Dean Myers. The story takes place in Harlem, New York in 1925 during the Harlem Renaissance. The author envelopes the reader into a rich African American culture of jazz musicians, poets, writers, Negro leaders, and surprisingly gangsters. Mark Purvis is a sixteen-year-old saxophonist. Mark resides with his parents and older brother. They live in the neighborhood with his idol, Fats Waller s, sister - Edie. He has big dreams of becoming a famous jazz musician. When Fats offers Mark an opportunity to earn five dollars, he immediately accepts the job without any hesitation. Mark thought - why not? I can earn some money, and possibly become friends with Fats. With any luck, we will record an album together on Black Swan Records. Mark solicits his friend Henry to help with the job. Henry is part of Mark s music trio. Mark and Henry are unaware of the trouble that they are about to encounter. They meet up with Fats and his companion, Crab Cakes, at the docks to go pick up the load. After crossing the Hudson River, they arrive at a warehouse in New Jersey. Mark and Henry discovered that they were hired to help load and unload an illegal shipment of whiskey. Reluctantly, Mark and Henry do the job and head back to Harlem. Crab Cakes was instructed to deliver the whiskey to the next destination, but instead he disappears with the moving truck. Both Mark and Henry were terrified after discovering that the truck full of whiskey belonged toShow MoreRelatedFallen Angels, by Walter Dean Myers1376 Words   |  6 Pagesthat decision every time that they were in battle, but as for Richard Perry, a seventeen-year-old, African American just out of a Harlem High School, had to ask that question solely to himself. Perry, a talented and bright young man put away his dreams of college and becoming a writer because of the unfortunate circumstance he is in. He lives in poverty in the slums of Harlem. His single mother is abandoned by her husb and and this leaves Perry and his younger brother Kenny without a father and a second

How Will a Firms Pricing Strategy Depend on the Structure...

How will a firm’s pricing strategy depend on the structure of the market? A pricing strategy is important to any firm in realising its corporate objectives, whether that be its sales revenue, market share or indeed profit, and thus there is much preoccupation within a business about its pricing strategy. Ultimately, this will be guided by many factors; not least the market power it has to set the price of its products and the nature of the demand curve it faces. This essay will attempt to outline how a firm’s pricing strategy is influenced by the characteristics of the market in which it operates, looking at various market structures, including perfect competition, monopoly and oligopoly. One particular market structure worthy of†¦show more content†¦In addition to this, the markets themselves to be distinct from each other so as to prevent consumers from the lower-priced market reselling the product in the high-priced market. Typically, rail operators have charged cheaper off-peak fares to the elderly and students, who have lower disposable incomes and are more price sensitive than other user groups, in order to stimulate demand from sectors that would not otherwise use it. Figure 2: P P MC MC MR D MR D Q Q Alternatively, maybe a firm operates in a market where it has a large share but competes against small producers possessing a small market share. In effect, the dominant firm has to split the market demand with these small firms, each producing an identical product to the dominant firm and act as perfect competitors, taking the market price as given by the dominant firm and choosing a level of outputShow MoreRelatedStructuring Corporate Financial Policy: Diagnosis of Problems and Evaluation of Strategies1258 Words   |  6 PagesSuccessful diagnosis and prescription depend heavily on thoughtful creativity and careful judgment. Three basic stages in that process: 1. Description : the ability to describe a firms financial policies is an essential foundation of diagnosis and prescription 2. Diagnosis : benchmark perspectives, then one compares the idealized and actual financial structures, looking for opportunities for improvement 3. Prescription : action recommendations should spring from the insights gained in descriptionRead MoreInternal Analysis of Texas Instruments1743 Words   |  7 Pages1. Structure and strategy TI has a decentralized structure, which comprises the company’s BOD and executive officers. The BOD commits effective and responsible corporate governance. The board deliberates its governance practices annually to ensure they make sense for the company in todays business environment (The Economist, 2009). The BOD nominates the executive officers of the firm. They comprise the chief financial officer and chief executive officer as well as the leaders of the firm’s principalRead MoreAs An Entrepreneur Who Has Formed A New Small Business1003 Words   |  5 Pagesa marketing strategy. A marketing strategy identifies the planned marketing programs, all the marketing activities that a business will use to achieve its marketing goals, and when those activities will occur (Ebert and Griffin 349). A marketing strategy is all about planning the marketing mix, which includes product, price, place, and promotion. But, first selecting and analyzing a target market for the marketin g mix and product is best for satisfying the target market and the firm’s marketing effortsRead MoreBusiness Analysis : Woolworths Ltd1795 Words   |  8 Pagesalso contains two market change assumption which shows the changes in scenario when the market conditions are changed. Likewise, through real time data and statistics we have shown the firms market structure and how the competitors have been affecting its pricing policy and its profit. The main objectives of this research are as follow: ïÆ'Ëœ To have a clear concept regarding the market structure. ïÆ'Ëœ To know about how competitor in a market affects the pricing policies ïÆ'Ëœ To know about how certain changeRead MoreA Company s Pricing Strategy1315 Words   |  6 PagesA company’s pricing strategy can offer a low price to stimulate demand and be able to gain market share as it focuses on specific economies in administration, production and marketing, striving to be as lean as it can without diminishing the overall level of quality it chooses to produce and be known for in the market (Heiman, 2010). One of the many difficult decisions a company has is to have a detail understanding of planning the costs that are involved in producing a product, delivery, serviceRead MoreWhy Do Firms Differ? What Determines The International Success Or Failure Of Firms?1123 Words   |  5 PagesFor a business to enter a foreign market, it must research carefully what will be the determinant factors for its success. The ‘strategy tripod’ framework is a tool used in business strategy that can help managers make better, more informed decisions. Th e strategy tripod consists of three different philosophies that provides us with the answers to the 3 questions a firm must take into account for optimal performance, ‘industry-based view’, ‘resource-based view’ and ‘institution-based view’, and theyRead MoreEconomic Analysis of an Oligopoly Market Structure1715 Words   |  7 Pagessmall retailers in a market subjugated by the financially dominant oligopolies, Woolworths and Coles. While the small independent retailers in direct competition with Woolworths and Coles provide some competitive respite for consumers, as they encourage competitive pricing, albeit predatory pricing, it is clear that Woolworths and Coles control the supermarket industry in Australia, in the formation of a duopoly. It is evident that Woolworths and Coles engage in predatory pricing in an attempt to eliminateRead MoreBusiness Concept Innovation in Apple1555 Words   |  7 Pagesinnovation: #61607; The first is innovation regarding the firms historic strategy (change own strategy) #61607; The second is innovation with respect to the firms industry and competitors (proactively reinvent the industry) Succeeding at both kind of innovation is not easy. Few companies, herein Apple, are skilful enough to do both. Hamel states that a business concept comprises four major components: customer interface, core strategy, strategic resources, , and value network. Between theRead MoreMarket Strategy Case Study: Katrinas Candies1665 Words   |  7 Pagessignificant degree of interdependence among rival firms in the candy producing market. Please respond to the following questions. a.) What market structures will Katrina’s Candies operate if the above condition prevails?  I think Katrinas Candies would be successful operating in an Oligopolistic Structure. Oligopoly is a market structure characterized by a small number of relatively large firms that dominate an industry. The market can be dominated by as few as two firms or as many as twenty, and stillRead MoreSupply Chain Management : Supply Chains1476 Words   |  6 Pagesuse a product or service. Businesses depend on their supply chains to provide them with what they need to survive and thrive. Every business fits into one or more supply chains and has a role to play in each of them. The pace of change and the uncertainty about how markets will evolve has made it increasingly important for companies to be aware of the supply chains they participate in and to understand the roles that they play. Those companies that learn how to build and participate in strong supply

The Ottoman Empire And The Empire - 1596 Words

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire is known as one of the longest lasting and influential empires in world history. The first reason why the Ottoman Empire culture led to a well organized empire was because of its social class. there social level could had changed anytime, but Its territories extended to the eastern Roman Empire, the northern Balkans and to the north of the Black Sea coast. The empire began around the 13th century and its ruling was long and includes the period of the World War 1. In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful and wealthy states that share the world stage. This Paper will talk about the origin, rise, decline, culture of the Ottoman Empire, and answer how this empire got to be so popular and influential yet end up not existing today. The Ottoman Empire has disappeared recently, but it is still in memories of many people living today, most of the people are from recent parts of the Ottoman successor states, Turkey, Syria, and Ira q. The Ottoman Empire has left a legacy for many people who grew up and became educated in the Ottoman state. In the 16th and the 17th Centuries, the Ottoman Empire spread throughout many continents. It controlled the biggest parts of Western Asia, North Africa and some of Europe. Origin of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire was originally from the Byzantine Empire. The group that lead to the Ottoman Empire to rise were the Turks. The first leader of the group was ErtugrulShow MoreRelatedThe Empire Of The Ottoman Empire3539 Words   |  15 PagesThree of the greatest empire in the history the ottomans in turkey, the Safavids in Persia and the Mughals in the Indian subcontinent emerged in the Muslim world between the 14th and the 18th centuries. These three greatest empire resulted in a powerful cultural interaction. The empires expanded their power and thus Turkish, Mongol and Arab ways of life blended. It resulted in a flowering of Islamic culture that raised higher in the 16th centuries. The empires ruled through Islamic Sariah’s. TheyRead MoreThe Ottoman Empire1355 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscoveries to parliaments our lives have been changed through evolutions and revolutions. Though there were many topics that sparked my interest and choosing one to elaborate on the Ottoman Empire stood out most. This analysis will show its development and reasons for its nick name as the Sick man of Europe. Ottoman Turks were established in Turkey. This area was rich and famous. The land at that time was called Anatolia that meant sunrise, or the East. After the death of the ruler, Alexander theRead MoreThe Ottoman Empire And The Safavid Empire999 Words   |  4 Pagesnotorious empires that impacted how our society is constructed up to date. Two of the most famous empires are the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire. Both empires have characteristics that both famously led to the success of each empire and infamous characteristics which ultimately led to the demise of the empire. To begin with, the Ottoman Empire was initially founded in the fourteenth century by a Sunni Muslim named Osman I. From the very beginning one of the number one goals of the Ottoman EmpireRead MoreThe Empire Of The Seljuk Ottoman Empire858 Words   |  4 Pagesdynasty named after the ruler Osman, the Ottomans. This small state emerged in Anatolia during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks. The Ottomans quickly became an undeniable force and ended all other Turkish dynasties. The Ottoman Empire became one of the largest and longest lasting empires in the world, ruling the majority of the Middle East, northern Africa and southeastern Europe for over 600 years until its eventual fall in 1922. The Ottomans were one of the numbers of Turkish tribesRead MoreThe Habsburg and Ottoman Empire1044 Words   |  4 Pagesthose, the Habsburg and Ottoman Empire are two of them. The Habsburg Empire was considered a Catholic Empire and the Ottoman was an Islam Empire. Charles V owned the Habsburg Empire. He inherited castile-Aragon (Spain) and the Habsburg territories. He also became the ruler of Aztec and Inca Empires in the Americas. (Sivers, Desnoyer, Stow 2012 Pg. 537) After battling against France in 1519, Charles was the title of emperor. In 1299, Osman Bey was in charge of the Ottoman Empire when he established independentRead MoreThe Battle Of The Ottoman Empire942 Words   |  4 PagesFor the Ottoman to progress further it needed a new national mantra for legitimacy in order to earn the respects of its subjects, in addition the empire had to mold a new national ethos . As said before that if â€Å"the Empire was to survive in the modern world, it could no longer be a group o f disparate communities held together by force and obedience to a ruling family; it needed a unity of consciousness, which would create an active moral link between rulers and the ruled† (Hourani 1991: 52). In thisRead MoreThe Ottoman Empire and Judaism686 Words   |  3 PagesThe reason the Jews went to the Ottoman Empire was because the Christians persecuted them because of their different beliefs. The Jews were so scared of what the Christians might do they wanted to settle in a safer place which the Ottomans offered them. The Ottomans offering them land was the best thing the Jews could have asked for. The Ottomans offered the Jews protection, offered them communal autonomy and tolerated their religious practices. The Ottomans at the time had a rule about non-MuslimsRead MoreThe Ottoman Empire Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ottoman Empire Around 1293 the chieftain of a nomadic Turkish tribe named Osman, founded an empire that would endure almost six hundred years. As this empire grew by conquering lands of the Byzantine Empire and beyond, it came to include, at its height, all of Asia Minor, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Romania, Egypt, Crete, Cyprus, Palestine, and North Africa through Algeria; parts of Hungry, Austria, Russia, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Oman, U.A.E., and Syria. The elite tactics and fearsomeRead MoreThe Ottoman And Mughal Empires1388 Words   |  6 PagesOctober 2014 Ottoman and Mughal Empires People, places, and/or things come and go, changing from one thing to another or none at all. In other cases, it is just not people, places, and/or things, it can also be generations or empires. Empires are known to adopt similar traditions or beliefs from other empires. In addition, some empires have similar, but slightly different laws and/or goals. Two of the empires that were similar, but different is many ways are the Ottoman and Mughal Empires. Being similarRead MoreSpanish and Ottoman Empires858 Words   |  4 Pagesand Ottoman Empires Beginning from when Sargon I of Akkad built the worlds first empire, many empires have since then been established and now hold a name that are both as eminent and momentous. Two of these such empire are the Spanish and the Ottoman Empires, which began to establish and expand around the time of 1450-1800. Although separate and located in different parts of the world, the Ottoman and Spanish Empires share many similarities, as well as many differences in their empire building

Advances in Systems and Measurements †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Advances in Systems and Measurements. Answer: Introduction The report focusses on how Westpac is able to balance with the different accounting data and the formats related to the payroll and the inventory. (Westpac, 2017). Here, the functionality is based on working over the secured networks with proper solutions of data feeding in the business. The small business customers with the broad range of the financial services are working with the AIS, where the operations are for the product teams, and the transactional banking. Westpac focus on the operations that are in Australia, New Zealand, US etc. Here, there are funds management operations which include the distribution of the investments and the product retirement as well. This works with the solutions that covers the manufacturing and the proper distribution of life that includes the lenders of the mortgage insurance. The Westpac includes how the inefficiency and the errors need to be evaluated with the proper meeting of the demands and the other accounting forms. The proper access is all owed with the third-party package software that could be accessed at any time with the internet enabled functions with the complexity and the costs. The proper access is through the business systems which includes the handling of the security of the data, where Xero and MYOB is able to handle the transactions. All the small business customers work on allowing the customers of the bank to use the ATM card or the check card, but to make sure of not sharing their personal details. (Zaheer, 2015). It has been that Westpac is working on operations with the financial services that are being offered through the electronic banking, deposits and the loans. It includes the international trading facilities to handle the personal and the business customers. The bank also focuses on the product development with the easy delivery of the services to the customer, with handling the responsibilities based on the customer segments for the better leadership. The structure also includes how the customer bases with the retail banking is able to work towards the different procedures of banking. The investments with the insurance includes the support services which include the third-party functions from the brokers and the agents. Westpac also works on the changing organizations with the funding mining company Bathrust with gaining the resources to mine the coal. The effects are based on the assessment of the sustainability development. There is a possibility that Westpac has to handle the different issues related to the ATM card not working or the overcharging that is being done to the customers other of Australia. Hence, for this, there is a need to keep a check on all the cashless transactions so that the customers do not have to face issues which will deplete the usage of the electronic services as well. (Adenike et al., 2016). Here, the errors also include the online platforms with customers who tend to drive away. ERP Systems It includes the Integrated Banking Service that will also be able to offer a proper support and the automation, security and the management of the files, then transferring the files in between the organizations. The host-to-host communication will also help in enabling the financial application systems with sending the payment instructions and receiving the reports and the account information to properly handle the bank reconciliation process. (Westpac, 2017). The ERP will help in the saving of time and the money with the automation of the payment process. It will also work on the improvement of the business efficiency and the increased accuracy is for the processing in the payment along with mitigating the fraud risks and by properly encrypting and then transmitting the payables and the receivables data. The gain is for the greater visibility of the accounts with the increased control to handle the reports and the automation reconciliation. The positions and the preparation of the b usiness is set through the standardized message formats. This includes the working on how the sales and the other vendors are able to manage with the reviewing of RFQ and the preparation of proper quote so that there is a timely delivery of the orders. Along with this, the preparation of the invoice and then receiving of the payments is done through the forms where there is a proper approval to work on reviewing the quotes. (Tan, 2016). The preparation is based on working over the system evaluation with the proceedings set for the shipping officers. There are other standards which include how the standards and the other functioning processes need to be evaluated based on the Xero system. The functionalities and the possibilities of the data are based on evaluating the linkages for the system setup. (Westpac, 2017). The employees ID and the data deletion is considered to be a major issue where there are some people who try to connect their bank accounts to the name of the employees who have left the company. The issues are related to how the users work on accessing and making use of the different system network connections (Olayinka et al, 2016). The floating of the money and handling the account ID is through working over the systems with the user sets that are for the lower patterns. Here, the issues are also related to the use of the storage systems and the working that is done through proper designing of the software. It is important to balance and work towards the performance standards which needs to evaluate the unbalanced errors.(Smith, 2017). The best and the major solution to the system is to work on handling the system files with the possibility where the user works to maintain the system privacy. The possibility is set for the monthly updates with setting and data deletion of the files, that are seen to be irrelevant. AIS Package The AIS is based on the system of the IBM with the focus towards the handling of the system dynamics. With this, there is an easy report generation for this which includes the different types of the regulatory frameworks as well as the tax agencies. The working is based on the inventory orders with the real time applications that include the sales that could be made through the invoice customers and the processing of the efficiency with the reduction in the fraud risks. (Lim et al., 2014). The integration with ERP system includes SAP and Oracle where there are standards for the institutional bank to access the innovative online portal Quick Service that will help in the easy flow of the cash and the management. (Hansnata, 2016). It will lead to the enhancement of the visibility with the control to the applications based on the formats and the increased Straight Processing and reconciliation with ERP and the back-office applications. Here, the structural standards also include the acc ounting applications which work towards the management of the processor system and meeting the MYOB which includes how the company is able to acquire and then meet the larger number of the organizational structures. The standards are set with the reduced forms of the paperwork. (Yigitbasioglu, 2015). For this, the check is on how AIS is able to improve the software requirements with the setup on how the investors and the creditors are able to proceed towards the booking and the accounting system technology. Here, ERP works on the check with the basis to improve the accounting systems and the software packages. The architectural dimensions are based on processing the data with the focus on collection and working on the proper information storage. The information also depends on the working where the clerk can also enter the details of the different marketing structures and the invoice. (Westpac, 2017). The costs are determined through the different ledgers and the generation of handling different accounts. Westpac is working on the corporate customers with the ability to handle the payments and work for the handling of the different transactions. Here, Xero also focus on the marketing standards which includes how the sectors are able to maintain the system programming with the accounting software. The consistency is based on how Westpac is able to administer to the different uses of the reliable standards and handling the consistency of the system. (Olayinka et al, 2016). There are issues related to the working and handling the security of the system. For this, the check is on how to work towards enabling the users with the hold to work for the third party vendors. It includes the handling the of the market with the fast time access with proper check on the system functioning as well as the other individual forms. There are other issues for the industry standards where there is a increased risk related to the vendor business failure or the smaller development team. This will also include the reduced availability of the support and reducing the cost of implementation as well. (Smith, 2017). Hence, for this, the evaluation of the training time and the costs need to be done for proper implementation. Recommendations The Westpac should work on the cloud computing patterns where there is an easy processing and handling of the encryption that could be done. Hence, for this, the major focus is on development of the structure of the system. Along with this, the challenge is to acknowledge and work on the desktop factors with the cryptography standards related to the associated software. The measures are also related to work on the security factors along with working over the reports that are mainly to deal with the consolidation programs with the proper evaluation of the system requirements. Here, the competitive edge is important for improving the efficiency and then working on the needs with risks management and the governance techniques. Conclusion The check is maintaining the documentation with the proper check on how ERP will be able to work on the system standards with the retrieval of the records that are for the internal and the external sources. The online order for the customers and the procedures are acknowledged to work on the different functioning of the system. (Dunbar et al, 2016). The storage of the information, and then retrieving the records are mainly to handle the sources of the internal and the external frames, where all the customer online orders and the procedures are for storing the information to work with the different users and the information. The accounting information is based on including the financial patterns, with the related activities that are for the management with the focus on the measurement, analysis and the records that are for the bookkeeping processes with the double entry that is considered to be important. The accordance is set to hold and work on the financial statements which relates to work on the system standards. The general accounting functions with the management of the information systems could easily be integrated to take hold of the robust databases and plan for the ERP software in an effective manner. References Adenike, A.T. and Michael, A.A., 2016. Effect of Accounting Information System Adoption on Accounting Activities in Manufacturing Industries in Nigeria. Dunbar, K., Laing, G. and Wynder, M., 2016. A content analysis of accounting job advertisements: Skill requirements for graduates.The E-Journal of Business Education Scholarship of Teaching,10(1), p.58. Hansnata, M., 2016. The impact of digital innovation on the social structure of professional public accounting practice in Australia. Lim, N. and Perrin, B., 2014. Standard Business Reporting in Australia: Past, Present, and Future.Australasian Journal of Information Systems,18(3). Olayinka, O., Wynn, M.G. and Bechkoum, K., 2016, May. Process Analysis and e-Business Adoption in Nigerian SBEs: A Report on Case Study Research. IneKNOW 2016, The Eighth International Conference on Information, Process, and Knowledge Management(pp. 57-63). ThinkMind. Olayinka, O., Wynn, M.G. and Bechkoum, K., 2016. E-business adoption in Nigerian Small Business Enterprises.International Journal On Advances in Systems and Measurements,9(3/4), pp.230-241. Smith, H., 2017.Xero for dummies. John Wiley Sons. Tan, L.M., 2016. Professional skills required of accountants: What do Australian and New Zealand job advertisements tell us?. Westpac.com.au., 2017.Annual reports | Westpac. [online] Available at: https://www.westpac.com.au/about-westpac/investor-centre/financial-information/annual-reports/ Yigitbasioglu, O.M., 2015. External auditors' perceptions of cloud computing adoption in Australia.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,18, pp.46-62. Zaheer, H., 2015. How do innovative digital start-ups achieve success?: perspectives of Australian founders.

Effects of the Pact of Steel Agreement on World War II

Introduction Definition and Characteristics Fascism is a political ideology that promotes high expressions of nationalism and aggressive approach in the defence of one’s nation (Passmore 72).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Effects of the Pact of Steel Agreement on World War II specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is characterised by a one-party rule usually under a dictator and denial of individual rights. The basic principles of a fascist nation include authoritarianism, a deep understanding of state being more important than the individual, presence of an enigmatic leader and action oriented governance. Unlike communism, fascism did not strive for a class-less society. Rather, it was supported by industrialists, lower middle class and the military. Great examples where fascism existed are Italy under Benito Mussolini, Germany under Adolf Hitler and Spain under Francisco Franco among others (Payn e 15). Dr. Britt Lawrence (22) found fourteen distinct defining characteristics common to every fascist regime. These were powerful and continuing nationalism where symbols and patriotic slogans were used in public displays; disregard for the recognition of human rights which led to executions and torture; identification of a perceived common enemy which was used as a uniting cause like communists and socialist were used as scapegoats; the military is highly idealized with great amounts of government funding going to them in the expense of domestic agendas; most fascist nations are male-dominated hence rampant sexism; censorship of mass media, where the government directly controls the media content; fear and intimidation is used to motivate the masses towards National security under fascism rule; they use a common religion that supports their ideals and uses it to manipulate public opinion; the industrial and business upper classes which form corporate power enjoy government protec tion; in fascist nations labour unions are either banned or harshly suppressed; contempt for intellectuals and the arts with hostility to academia; occurrence of a police force that has limitless power showing fascination with crime and punishment of opponents; rampant corruption and eventually fraudulent elections. Fascism in Italy and Germany The First World War had a great impact and devastating consequences for Italy, although it was among the winning powers. The war brought inflation which increased greatly due to military expenses; there were political divisions and frequent social unrest, and unsatisfactory peace treaty because it received a small portion of the territory they wanted. There was mistrust in the Liberal politicians leading to the rise of Fascism. As Martin Blinkhorn puts it, one cause of the rise of fascism in Italy was the problems it faced after World War 1, which are post war economic crises, mass demobilisation and acute social unrest (Blinkhorn 34). After the unification in Italy, which was dominated by the elite, the south was neglected leading to chronic poverty that was worsened by limited spending and soaring taxes. The Liberals failed to transform the economy which was severely suffering from post-war depression after World War 1, giving fascism a chance to increase its mass backing.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The western powers which included Britain and France, failed to fulfil the agreement after World War 1 and Italy felt the land they were promised was not given to him; hence Italy did not want to corporate much with them. These gave Mussolini a great opportunity to grip the power and he set up a Fascist Party which promised to have solutions to Italy’s problems Alexander De Grand cites the opportunistic nature of Italian fascism when he says that Mussolini recognised that the Liberals did not create peace with the church and he lessened anti-clerical feelings in the Fascist Party (De Grand 89). This created an influential ally and improved the appeal of the Party. Fascism looked to be an easy answer to immense economic and social problems. Mussolini undertook to restore Italy and reinstate the Roman Empire. He organised armed gangs called the â€Å"black shirts† which helped him come to power in 1922. King Victor Emmanuel III appointed Mussolini as the Prime Minister of Italy to prevent a communist revolution. The famous 1922 March on Rome took place to institute Mussolini and the Fascist Party as the most significant party in Italy. The rise of Mussolini to power instigated the birth of Versailles and combat communism. Mussolini as the leader (II Duce) ended democracy and banned all other political parties except the Fascists (Macdonald 19). The government was run by secret police that he controlled and often jailed his opponents. The Fascist Government took over the media an d ensured only Fascist doctrines were broadcasted or published. He outlawed strikes and allayed the Fascists with the industrialists and large landowners. In Germany, the group, Nazi (National Socialist German Worker’s Party), had policies like fascism, hence Nazism- the German brand of fascism. Hitler as the Nazi Party leader was impressed by Mussolini’s March on Rome, and he plotted for Nazi’s to seize power in Munich in 1923, but the attempt failed and he was arrested. He was tried for treason and sentenced to five years in jail but only served less than nine months (Woolf 18). Just as in Italy, the great depression caused the German economy to collapse and civil unrest broke out. Hitler’s Nazi party looked to be the solution to the economic crisis. As a chancellor and by winning majority of parliament, Hitler turned Germany into a totalitarian state. Just like Mussolini, other opponent political parties were banned. Being against Hitler meant that one was an enemy to him and his loyalties, and arrest and murder would follow. The Nazi secret police, Gestapo, used brutal action and terror to shock many Germans to total obedience.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Effects of the Pact of Steel Agreement on World War II specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite their aggressiveness, the Nazis under Hitler had several achievements such as they constructed factories, built highways, manufactured weapons, served in military thus dramatically reducing the number of unemployed. Beyond his economic and political power, Hitler also took control over the media; both print and press making them his propaganda tools. He was successful in raising the Germany economy from the great depression, giving him popularity with the middle class (Blamires and Paul 16). It is worth noting that Mussolini never had the total control in Italy as achieved by Adolf Hitler in Germany. Effects of Fascism in Italy and Germany Some effects of fascism were World War II, preservation of social classes and dictatorship. As in all fascist governments there was absolute dictatorial government. The citizens were oppressed it was not acceptable to speak against the dictator. The dictators become the only men who had the authority to make any decisions. Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany were among the main causes of World War II. Fascisms ideals were aggressive in nature hence it led Italy and Germany directly to war. Labour unions were banned besides political parties. Education was reviewed to favour the fascist government. There were similarities in Italian fascism and German Nazism in the following respects. In both cases individuality was rejected and emphasis was on role will power in individuals to protect their state. There was a negative view if the masses human understanding and the dictators used propaganda to manipulate them politically. They viewed that t he leader was from the elite and there were great differences between the intellectual capabilities of the masses and the political elite. Liberals and social democrats were viewed as the enemies in both cases. However several differences were evident between the German Nazism and Italian fascism. Firstly, racialism was strongly evident with the Nazis and less evident with the fascist. Moreover, Italian foreign policy objectives were limited to gaining additional territories, while German foreign policy objectives were huge and were driven by their biased attitudes especially toward the Jews. Generally, there were positive effects in both fascist governments in that they stabilized the economy after the great depression, and there were great cuts in unemployment levels as well as decrease in social unrest.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mussolini political agenda Benito Mussolini is best remembered as the father of Fascism. He began his political career as a Socialist. He is well admired by his fellow fascist in the successful execution of the March on Rome which bestowed him the powers he wanted. After Mussolini became the Prime minister, he did not have control over the parliament hence he formed a coalition government (Smith 17). Mussolini and the Fascists party were highly successful in their efforts to promote a growing economy and industrial powerhouse. Mussolini wanted to model his government after the Roman Empire and saw himself as Julius Caesar. He was a strong believer in the strength of the people as the backbone of the country and not the strength of the individual. He felt that his country would be the strongest if the citizens of Italy would come together as one, under a central idea and philosophy and be allied by the bonds of nationalism. This government primarily pursued economic policies which in cluded balancing the budget through several cuts to the civil service. At the same time he reinforced his control over the Fascist Party by forming an executive body for the party, the Grand Council of Fascism, responsible for governing the party but whose agenda he was in full control. In addition, he formed corporations for every single line of work to reinforce both economic and social control. This ensured labour unions had no power hence minimal workers’ strikes or social unrest. Mussolini’s supporters carried out operations of violence towards opposing political parties and against anyone who did not agree with their ideals. He was successful in changing the election procedure to favour him and assumed dictatorial rule in 1925-26 by dissolving all other political parties (Townley 52). Mussolini’s foreign policy of anti-imperialism commanded an extreme form of nationalism with the attack of Corfu in 1923 marking his policies (Lowe and Marzari, 81). The fasc ist Italy pursued an aggressive foreign policy which led to attacks in several nations such as Albania, Ethiopia and Libya, to fulfil Mussolini’s ambition of expanding the Italian territory. It also planned attacks on Turkey and Yugoslavia. These lead to mass killings and forced starvation of thousands of people. Mussolini was dedicated to solidifying Italy’s army, while tirelessly supporting that war was essential in keeping the economy alive. Mussolini did this with flawless effort and succeeded on the highest level by tweaking the media in his favor, and using force to persuade the citizens of Italy to support him and their country. The fascist government made improvements in various sectors in Italy. This included; Increase in acreage of cultivated land, irrigation was introduced in the marshes found on the Northern part of created more employment opportunities. To win the support of the Roman Catholic Church, Mussolini reached an agreement with the Papacy (Lateran Pact), which gave the Pope full authority over the Vatican City (Macdonald 21). Mussolini was able to gain power since he had a following from the middle class Italians who supported fascism due to general anxiety, fear and insecurity. The pact of Steel The Pact of Steel was Mussolini’s name used to refer to the Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Nazism Germany and Fascism Italy (Kallis 20). He had originally named it ‘the Pact of Blood’ but was advised that it was likely to be received poorly in Italy if it went by that name hence ‘the Pact of Steel’. It was signed by the two countries’ foreign ministers, Count Ciano for Italy and Joachim von Ribbentrop for Germany, in Berlin in May 1939. The Pact of Steel was an agreement in which Germany and Italy entered into an alliance, pledging neutral support in war. Generally, the Pact of steel obliged Italy and Germany to co-operate in military and war production. They would aid each other in t he occasion of a war starting, militarily or otherwise (Tonge 39). The agreement was divided into two parts; the first part was an open declaration of continued mutual trust and cooperation between the two countries; the second section was a ‘Secret supplementary protocol’ which encouraged a union of military and economic policies. Within its clauses it stated that the validity of the pact within the time of its completion until 1949. It also urged the two countries to maintain relations with nations that were only friendly towards either of them. An enemy of one was to be perceived as an enemy of both. The ‘Secret Supplementary Protocols’ part was further divided into two sections; the first section pressed hasty joint action on military and economic cooperation; the second section urged the two countries to promote power and image of fascism through propaganda via media. This part as the name depicts was not made public during the signing of the agreement (Gregor 23). The agreement made sure that neither nation was able to make peace without consent from the other. The Italian’s, mistakenly, signed on the verbal understanding that neither power would start a war before 1943. The understanding was that Italy would direct Mediterranean strategy, leaving Germany free to conquer Europe. The signing of the pact of steel It was after World War 1 that Italy and Germany underwent different problems in governance that led them to look for support in one another. Both countries were unsatisfied with the status quo imposed on them after World War 1. Germany was on the losing side of the Central Powers during World War 1. Germany lost significant portions of its territory including border lands along the Polish borders and critical sectors along the western French border (Payne 45). It was Germany’s ambition to regain its military might that led Nazism to power. Italy on the other hand was on the victorious Allied side, which incl ude Britain and France in World War 1, paying a heavy price in its involvement to the victory. Hundreds of thousands of lives were lost fighting for the Austrians and Italians were seriously unhappy at the marginal gains they were rewarded compared to the heavy cost they paid. To them they received a raw deal after the end of World War 1. Italy became ambitious to expand the territory. Like Germany, the western powers lost good will with Italy due its aggressive conduct. Between 1936 -1939, Italy and Germany cooperated in the Spanish Civil War where they fought on the same fascist side to help the authoritative regime of Franco to achieve victory over the Socialist opposition. This really encouraged their relationship. Mussolini withdrew from the League of Nations in December 1937 after receiving sanctions by the United Nations, and in the same year he visited Germany when he was captivated by the splendour and ceremony of Hitler. This drew the two countries together and given they had two similarly driven powers, Hitler and Mussolini developed a close relationship. Hitler, in a Munich conference, impressed Mussolini further with his boldness and aggressive stand on the weakness on the West (Gregor 47). The ambitions of the two fascist leaders lead Germany and Italy to conquer territories each felt were rightfully theirs. Hitler decided to move his military into the Rhineland, a de-militarized zone that was protected by the Treaty of Versailles in in order to protect France. It was when Hitler occupied the devastated Czechoslovakia in March 1939, that Mussolini’s pathetically poor reaction was to invade Albania where he acted individually, making it impossible for any reunion with the other western powers. In fact the Allies responded with strong threats of military response if territorial conquests continued. By May 1939, Mussolini’s concern was to safeguard his alliance such that Hitler could not abandon him and hence Italy was propelled into t he Pact of Steel with Germany. Italy and Germany being under dictators Mussolini and Hitler respectively ensured the two countries’ shared comparable fascist ideologies and an antagonistic view on governance hence the signing of the Pact of Steel. This sparked the beginning of World War II and the beginning of the Mussolini- Hitler era. The effects of the agreement on Italy and Germany Italy During World War 1 Italy had lost many men while fighting along Austria along its borders, since it was among the Allies. Having fallen apart with the Allies, and found new alliance with Germany, Mussolini abandoned Austria, whose independence he had avowed to secure by agreement, letting Hitler to gain a great strategic victory. In 1936, army general Franco attacked the republican government leading a Spain into a civil war between the republicans and the Nationalist whom he lead. Mussolini saw yet another opportunity to expand his power and influence by getting involved in the war in Sp ain. He joined with Hitler to support Franco in the Spanish Civil War, provoking armed conflict in Europe. Back at home, his reputation was falling. Mussolini’s stock in the League of Nation fell further when Britain and France eventually revealed that he was pretending to be neutral arbitrator at the Munich conference while he was aiding Hitler achieve his goals. Mussolini did not support a Europe-wide conflict, but he was powerless to influence events, when Hitler decided on military action and invaded Poland. The League of Nations finally imposed economic sanctions on Italy (Reich 197). As Hitler’s influence over Mussolini increased, Mussolini become unpopular among the Italian people who did not have their hearts in Hitler’s wars and wanted nothing to do with the persecutions of the Jews. As much as Hitler’s assistance was valuable to Mussolini a number of times when Italians found themselves in trouble, the end result was utter defeat on all fronts. Mussolini popularity diminished and he was eventually removed from power, and eventually executed. Germany It was after the great alliance with Mussolini that Hitler felt confident enough to initiate his aggressive moves. Without Mussolini, he would have been isolated diplomatically, he would have not taken over Austria and the Munich Conference would have been a flop. The Munich conference gave Hitler a great chance to denude the Czechs giving him a strategic position to invade Poland (Tonge 67). Without the Alliance of the two fascist leaders, may be World War II might well have been avoided. World War II led to Germany’s total defeat and it was Mussolini who enabled Hitler in his pursuit of the war. Hitler advanced to conquer France and when Mussolini realized that Hitler was defeating France, he mobilised his troop to invade France, only his forces were soon pushed back and Hitler’s forces were to come to his rescue to save Mussolini’s ‘honour’. Mussolini went ahead and invaded Greece without consulting Hitler and once again found himself in trouble. Hitler was again forced to send troops to assist the Italians, necessitating him to divert from Barbarossa costing him another necessary victory. Hitler was also forced to sacrifice troops which would have been utilised in the Eastern front to rescue Mussolini in his African adventure. In the end, Italy’s Military alliance was more of a hindrance to Hitler’s conquests and Mussolini proved himself to be more of a liability than a valuable reinforcement though his assistance was of great value to Hitler’s pre-war diplomatic manoeuvring. There were adverse effects to both nations in the quest to fulfil the agreement in the hope of achieving their goals. In the end, the pact of steel became a great disaster for the two fascist leaders and their countries and lead to their eventual fall and defeat in the World War II. Significance of the Pact of Steel on the Wo rld War II In view of his understanding of the Pact of Steel, the eruption of war between Germany and the Allied western powers in September 1939, following Hitler’s conquest of Poland come as a surprise to Mussolini ( Blamires and Paul 56). It definitely offered him some food for thought, and from uncertainty he opted for neutrality. He felt that Hitler had bitten more than he could chew by provoking the hostility of Britain and France and he had slim chances of defeating them. He was also unhappy with the direction that the Germany foreign policy had taken since the pact of steel. Since the agreement minimized the possibility of reconciliation between Mussolini and his former allied friends, the western powers, Hitler pursued to protect his position in the Eastern part of Europe by the Non-aggression Pact with Stalin in August 1939 which opened the way for a successful invasion and defeat of Poland (Tonge 29). This may be when Mussolini seriously suspected Germany duplicity . Mussolini supported his ‘non-aggression’ to the Germans with the fact that Italy was totally unprepared to engage in war in September 1939. The Italian armed forces were awfully ill-equipped to fight a major war due to enormous expenditure of military resources in their quest to conquer Ethiopia, Spain and Albania as well as the underlying economic weakness (Townley 78). However, Mussolini frequently reiterated his moral and Diplomatic support for Hitler, and continually insisted that he intended to enter the war just as soon as the circumstances would permit. As the Germans occupied more countries, Mussolini felt the urge to join the war so as to share the spoils of victory alongside Hitler and his army. Mussolini’s original hesitancy turned into an urge for war as Hitler’s armies advanced in their invasion of France and it didn’t take him long to declare war on Britain and France. Many writers who sided with fascism claimed that Mussolini did wa s unwilling to engage in a war against Britain and France in 1940 but was forced into the decision by the slip-ups, inflexibility and antagonism of British diplomacy. This picture of Mussolini does not fit the circumstances given that Mussolini being a fascist opportunist wanted to acquire domination over the Mediterranean at the expense of Britain and France, and he saw the opportunity to do so in a splendid, warlike manner. Mussolini’s war aims were very predictable from the creation of a new Roman empire to the hazier goal of Italy becoming a world super power. He also had a secondary agenda where the Fascist Italy were to conduct its military operations parallel to and free of Nazi Germany, and with a clear line of separation between their relevant spheres in Europe. By this he hoped to establish the power balance between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. However Mussolini did not have a very articulate or coherent plan to rival that of Hitler. The Post WWII Era World War I I was viewed by many to be the last good war with a clear purpose of abolishing Nazism and Fascism and all the horrible ideals they stood for. The triumph of the Allies in the World War II was the greatest defeat of Germany and Italy. It marked the downfall of fascism and the victory of democratic ideals and values over totalitarianism and dictatorial rule. Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy were transformed into unthreatening democracies. Prior to World War 2 Italy had completed two conquests in Ethiopia and Albania, and despite the Pact of steel, it did not join the war until1940, planning to get a share of the Allied territory. With the defeat of France, Italy’s war efforts went poorly resulting in defeats in Greece, North Africa and the Mediterranean Sea (Payne 110). In 1943, Italy was invaded by Allies and Mussolini’s government collapsed. Though the Germans kept to the agreement and helped him back to power, it was only for a while before he was removed from power ag ain. Italy was also split an occupied allied South and the remnants of the fascist government in the North. Eventually Italians embraced democracy and Italy became a member of NATO after the war. After the war, German was divided into four occupied zones among France, Britain and America. Conclusion After World War 1, there was extensive damage in all countries across Europe, both for the winning allied side and the losing central powers. Italy having been on the victorious allied side had high expectations after the peace treaty that ended the war, but when it came to sharing the territories it didn’t get its share as expected. They felt the other western powers, United Kingdom and France, had short-changed them, and hence began their own ideals to fulfil their enormous ambitions of being a super power. The great depression was a perfect chance for the fascist Mussolini to acquire leadership and preach the doctrines of fascism. On achieving this, he impressed his fellow fasc ist Hitler, in the neighbouring Germany, which was on the losing side after WWI and was looking to regain its military powers. Hitler borrowed a leaf from Mussolini and used the same fascism doctrines, in the version of Nazis to take control of Germany. The relationship of the two fascist, Mussolini and Hitler, grew to greater lengths having been driven by similar ambitions for their countries and fascist ideologies that gave them power as sole decision makers. Their growing ‘friendship’ and mistrust with the Allies (Britain and France) led them to make an Alliance of friendship and military assistance in the form of the ‘Pact of Steel’ agreement. This was to fulfil their own selfish goals of territorial conquest to be powerful empires. This was to be the poorest decision for them and their countrymen. They did not know they were signing a ticket to their downfall. Both were too ambitious to be cautious of the aftermath. After terrible defeats in the World War II for both Italy and Germany, fascism was replaced by democracy. In my own informed view, both countries would have been better off without the Pact of Steel agreement, and just may be World War II would never be in our History books. On the other hand, it was a great lesson for most countries in Europe on Fascism and its effects. Works Cited Blamires, Cyprian, and Jackson Paul. World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia; Vol.1. California, USA. ABC-Clio Inc, 2006. Print. Blinkhorn, Martin. Mussolini and Fascist Italy. New York, USA. Lancaster Pamphlets, Routledge, 1984. Print. Britt, W. Lawrence. â€Å"Fascism Anyone?† Free Inquiry Magazine 15 July. 2003: 2-4. Print. Woolf, S. J. Fascism in Europe. London, UK. Methuen Co. Publishers. 1981. Print. De Grand, J. Alexander. Italian Fascism: Its Origins and Development. USA. University of Nebraska Press. 1989. Print. Gregor, A. James. Interpretation of Fascism. Morristown, New Jersey. General Learning Press. 1974. Print. Kall is, A. Aristotle. Fascist Ideology: Territory and Expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922-1945. New York, USA. Routledge. 2000. Print. Lowe, and Marzari, F. Italian Foreign Policy 1870-1940. New York, USA. Routledge. 2001. Print. Macdonald, Hamish. Mussolini and Italian Fascism. United Kingdom. Stanley Thornes Publishers Ltd. 1999. Print. Passmore, Kevin. Fascism: A Short Introduction. United Kingdom. Oxford University Press. 2002. Print. Payne, G. Stanley. A History of Fascism: 1914-1945, Digital Printing Edition. England, UK. Routledge. 2005. Electronic. Reich, W. The Mass Psychology of Fascism. New York, USA. Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. 1970. Print. Smith, D. Mark. Modern Italy: A Political History, United States of America. University of Michigan Press. 1997. Print. Tonge, Neil. Battles of World War II. New York, USA. The Rosen Publishing Group Inc. 2009. Print. Townley, Edward. Mussolini and Italy. Bristol, UK. Heinemann Educational Publishers. 2002. Print. This research paper on Effects of the Pact of Steel Agreement on World War II was written and submitted by user Colin Taylor to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on Using Attitudes to Predict Consumer Behavior part 2

Essay on Using Attitudes to Predict Consumer Behavior part 2 Essay on Using Attitudes to Predict Consumer Behavior part 2 Essay on Using Attitudes to Predict Consumer Behavior part 2Essay on Using Attitudes to Predict Consumer Behavior part  1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In fact, marketers are interested in the major causes of attitude’s failure to predict consumer behavior. The TORA Model is used to determine the factors, which affect consumers in their decisions to purchase products (Hoyer, 2012). There are several factors that influence consumer behavior and can create certain barriers to predicting consumer behavior:Level of involvement. It is known that attitudes may predict consumer behavior if an individual’s cognitive involvement is rather high. In this case, consumers effectively use the information that â€Å"gives raise to their attitudes† (Hoyer, 2012, p. 146). If the level of involvement is low, attitudes are not strong enough and are less predictable. In other words, the attitude-behavior relationship is weak if consumers fail to â€Å"resolve the in consistency through elaboration† (Hoyer, 2012, p. 146).Consumer knowledge and experience. Attitudes can predict behavior if consumers have enough knowledge and experience about the object of the attitude (Hoyer, 2012). On the other hand, low level of knowledge and experience can become an important barrier to predicting consumer behavior (Hoyer, 2012).Analysis of the key reasons. Hoyer (2012) suggests that â€Å"attitudes are more strongly related to behavior when they are accessible or top of mind† (p.147). This fact means that attitudes have little impact on behavior if accessibility of attitudes is rather low. For example, the reduced attitude accessibility for some attributed of a product.Emotional attachment. High level of emotional attachment can be viewed as a strong predictor of consumer behavior. The higher is the consumers’ emotional attachment to the brand, the more likely they will be involved in purchasing process (Hoyer, 2012).Normative factors. Nor mative factors affect attitude-behavior relationship. In some cases, normative beliefs create barriers to predicting consumer behavior. Some consumers are more motivated to follow the established norms, while others violate these norms (Hoyer, 2012).Situational factors. Situational factors create barriers to predicting behavior. In some cases, these factors may prevent a consumer behavior from being performed. In other cases, situational factors may change attitude. As a result, the attitude-behavior relationship becomes rather weak (Hoyer, 2012).Besides, Geoffrey P. Lantos (2010) suggests that problems with predicting consumer behavior may be connected with personality traits. Attitudes are closely connected with personality traits, which can be found in observable behavior of an individual (Lantos, 2010). Both attitudes and personality traits can be used to give explanation to an individual’s behavior (Lantos, 2010).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marketing pra ctitioners argue that consumers use brands in order to develop and assess their unique and memorable experiences. As a result, marketers highlight the importance of the concept of brand experience in predicting consumer behavior. Lia Zarantonello and Bernd H Schmitt (2010) have conducted a research that helps to address the issue regarding the relationships between attitudes’ failure to predict consumer behavior. They assume thatdifferent consumers have different experiences and, as a result, different experiential appeals (Zarantonello Schmitt, 2010). They explore experiential types moderate the relationships between brand attitude and consumer behavior and intention. Researchers have found that there are several types of consumers, who demonstrate different attitudes and behavior: â€Å"hedonistic, action-oriented, holistic, inner-directed, and utilitarian consumers† (Zarantonello Schmitt, 2010, p. 532). Besides, the relationship between consumer attitudes, behaviors and intentions is the most powerful for holistic consumers, whilethe weakest relationship is for utilitarian consumers (Ajzen, 2005; Zarantonello Schmitt, 2010).The major causes of the attitude-behavior gap prevalence The attitude-behavior gap might be prevalent due to a variety of factors, including market and environmental factors, as well as personal and informative factors (Devinney et al.,2010). Ethical issues play an important role in consumer purchasing decisions. Recent research point out to the fact that there is a gap between consumer attitudes (what consumers are planning to do) and consumer behaviors (what consumers actually do) (Zarantonello Schmitt, 2010;Devinney et al., 2010). This phenomenon is defined as attitude-behavior gap. Researchers suggest that it is necessary to fill the gap through the proper understanding and analysis of the consumer rationalizations that can justify their behavior and decisions in order to develop effective strategies that will help to promote and enhance behavioral change (Devinney et al.,2010). Special attention should be paid not only to the relationship between attitudes and consumer beliefs, but also to purchase intention or consumer behavior.The attitude-behavior gap can be assessed by the Attitude and Attitude Strength, Consideration and Choice (A2SC2) Model, which assumes the influence of attitudes on consideration and choice. Researchers state that â€Å"attitude strength moderates the influence of attitudes on consideration, such that attitudes guide consideration more for strongly held attitudes than for weakly held attitudes and consideration of a brand mediates the influence of attitudes and attitude strength on choice† (Priester et al., 2004, p.574). Researchers compare consumer behavior and attitudes of Health Enthusiasts and Organic Idealists and find the attitude-behavior gap. Organic Idealists and Health Enthusiasts demonstrate positive attitudes toward purchasing organic food (Priester e t al., 2004).The attitude-behavior gap stands for the discrepancy between consumer’s intentions and consumers’ actions. This gap poses a serious threat to sustainable development supported by consumer behaviors. According to Hans C.M. van Trijp and Arnout R. H. Fischer (2010), sustainable consumption depends of the gap between attitudes and behaviors, which can be explained by the application of social dilemma theory, consumers’ value orientations, and other theories. In order to bridge the attitude-behavior gap, it is recommended to use the proper techniques and strategies from commercial marketing with the major goal – to promote sustainable development. Researchers state that â€Å"social marketing of sustainability is based on the voluntary increase in consumer motivation, opportunity and ability towards behaving sustainably† (Trijp Fischer, 2010, p. 73). In other words, the attitude-behavior gap involves consumers’ concern on sustainab ility of their choice and the lack of performance of their actual choice behaviors (Trijp Fischer, 2010).Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that the use of consumer attitudes to predict consumer behavior is not always helpful. Consumer attitudes can be viewed as both an obstacle to a marketer and a benefit. Those marketers who ignore consumer attitudes of a product or service do not succeed in developing effective marketing strategies because of certain limitations. In contrast, those marketers, who have a deep understanding of consumer attitudes, may predict the behavior of consumers. They should be able to distinguish the existing differences between consumer beliefs, attitudes, intentions and behaviors, as well as to take into consideration the fact that attitudes may not always help to predict behavior.The Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior help to give explanation to consumers’ intention of being involved in consumer behavior. In general, consumer attitudes reflect consumers’ evaluation of a product or service and personal motives, which affect consumer behavior and purchasing habits of consumers. The attitude-behavior gap might be prevalent because of a variety of factors, including market, environmental, personal and informative factors. Attitudes may not always be helpful in predicting consumer behavior.